The Future: six drivers of global change Part 135
152 large dead zone spreading from the mouth of the Mississippi
"Good News from the Bad Drought: Gulf 'Dead Zone' Smallest in Years," ScienceDaily, August 23, 2012, http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/08/120824093519.htm.
153 "when coupled with current rates of population increase"
A. Rogers et al., "International Earth System Expert Workshop on Ocean Stresses and Impacts. Summary Report," IPSO Oxford, 2011, http://www.stateoftheocean.org/pdfs/1906_IPSO-LONG.pdf.
154 "We have spent our entire existence adapting"
Council on Foreign Relations, "The New North American Energy Paradigm: Reshaping the Future," June 27, 2012.
155 damaged by extreme downpours and resulting floods and mud slides
Patrick Rucker and Mica Rosenberg, "a.n.a.lysis: Storms Damage Budgets in Central America, Mexico," Reuters, November 12, 2010.
156 skyrocketing expenditures for food imports
United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization, "One Trillion Food Import Bill as Prices Rise," November 17, 2010, http://www.fao.org/news/story/en/item/47733/icode/; United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization, "Agricultural Impacts Surge in Developing Countries," 2011, http://www.fao.org/docrep/014/i1952e/i1952e00.htm.
157 nations are struggling to integrate arriving refugee groups
Joanna Kakissis, "Environmental Refugees Unable to Return Home," New York Times, January 3, 2010.
158 another degree Fahrenheit of warming is already "in the pipeline"
James Hansen et al., "Earth's Energy Imbalance: Confirmation and Implications," Science, June 2005.
159 large-scale changes in atmospheric circulation patterns
Jian Lu et al., "Expansion of the Hadley Cell Under Global Warming," Geophysical Research Letters 34 (2007).
160 feeds the shallower Humboldt current
Erich Hoyt, Marine Protected Areas for Whales, Dolphins and Porpoises: A World Handbook for Cetacean Habitat Conservation (Oxford: Earthscan Publications Ltd., 2004), p. 397.
161 giant pipelines through which the trade winds
Henry Diaz and Raymond Bradley, The Hadley Circulation: Present, Past and Future (London: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2005), p. 9.
162 moisture they carried upward has fallen back
Ibid.
163 laden once more with heat and water vapor
Ibid.
164 are located under these dry downdrafts
Ibid.
165 the "rain shadows" of mountain ranges
Brian Brinch, "How Mountains Influence Rainfall Patterns," USA Today, November 1, 2007.
166 what geographers call continentality
"Continental Climate and Continentality," Encyclopedia of World Climatology, p. 303.
167 downdraft of the Hadley cell
Personal correspondence with Dargan Frierson, September 24, 2012.
168 south of the equator has also moved poleward
Celeste Johanson and Qiang Fu, "Hadley Cell Widening: Model Simulations Versus Observations," American Meteorological Society 22 (May 2009): 271325.